Significant adverse effects of imidacloprid have been reported on non-target beneficial invertebrates. Aquatic invertebrates (freshwater and estuarine/marine) are highly sensitive to imidacloprid.
Sources:
Fossen M (2006) Environmental fate of Imidacloprid, Dept Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA
http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/fatememo/Imidclprdfate2.pdf
US Environmental Protection Agency, Washinton, D.C. 20460
Problem Formulation Imidacloprid Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment, November 13, 2008
http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006…
SETAC Workshop Effects of Pesticides in the Field, October 2003 (Le Croisic, France): see enclosure
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