Insecticides

Since 1995, neonicotinoid insecticides have been a critical component of arthropod management in potato, Solanum tuberosum L. Recent detections of neonicotinoids in groundwater have generated questions about the sources of these contaminants and the relative contribution from commodities in U.S. agriculture. Delivery of neonicotinoids to crops typically occurs as a seed or in-furrow treatment to manage early season insect herbivores. Applied in this way, these insecticides become systemically mobile in the plant and provide control of key pest species. An outcome of this project links these soil insecticide application strategies in crop plants with neonicotinoid contamination of water leaching from the application zone. In 2011 and 2012, our objectives were to document the temporal patterns of neonicotinoid leachate below the planting furrow following common insecticide delivery methods in potato. Leaching loss of thiamethoxam from potato was measured using pan lysimeters from three at-plant treatments and one foliar application treatment. Insecticide concentration in leachate was assessed for six consecutive months using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Findings from this study suggest leaching of neonicotinoids from potato may be greater following crop harvest in comparison to other times during the growing season. Furthermore, this study documented recycling of neonicotinoid insecticides from contaminated groundwater back onto the crop via high capacity irrigation wells. These results document interactions between cultivated potato, different neonicotinoid delivery methods, and the potential for subsurface water contamination via leaching.

EFSA has published new guidance that enables scientists to carry out a specialised aspect of environmental exposure assessment for pesticides. The guidance document provides a clear methodology for evaluating studies that measure the time required for the actual degradation of 50 % of a chemical pesticide and its transformation products in soil. This is known as the DegT50 value. Importantly, it allows users to exclude the effects of dissipation, another process that causes pesticide residues to disappear from soil. The guidance is aimed primarily at risk assessors and industry applicants and allows them to derive DegT50 values, critical information for the safety evaluation of pesticides. EFSA has developed the guidance document as part of its ongoing work in the field of pesticides to safeguard the environment. The methodology can be also applied to chemicals released into soil from non-pesticide uses.

A team of Harvard biologists has come closer to cracking the mystery of honeybee Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), eight years after its appearance. CCD persists in transforming bee colonies around the world into ghost towns: by the end of each winter, some colonies wind up littered with dead bees and emptied of many more, with no signs of renewal. "One of the defining symptomatic observations of CCD colonies is the emptiness of hives in which the amount of dead bees found inside the hives do not account for the total numbers of bees present prior to winter when they were alive," states the report, published May 9 in the Bulletin of Insectology.

Ein Einbruch aller vorkommenden Vogelarten beklagte der Vorsitzende des Hegering Heede, Aloys Bruns, während der jüngsten Generalversammlung. Dieses zeige sich nicht nur in den Abschusszahlen der jagdbaren Vogelarten wie dem Fasan, sondern auch bei den Garten-, Wald- und Wiesenvögeln wie Tauben, Enten und Rabenvögel. So erreichten die Fasane seit Jahrzehnten den niedrigsten Stand. Einige Reviere verzichteten aus diesem Grunde auf ihre Treibjagd, um eine Mindestpopulation für das nächste Jahr zu erhalten. Des weiteren seien nur noch 447 Tauben (im Jahr zuvor 1450 Tauben) erlegt worden. Auch bei den Enten und Rabenvögeln konnte circa die Hälfte der Anzahl zur Strecke gebracht werden. Bemerkenswert zeige sich auch der deutliche Rückgang der nicht bejagdbaren Wildvögel wie Kiebitz, Brachvogel, Austernfischer und sogar der Singvögel in den heimischen Gärten. Die Ursachen seien laut der Landesjägerschaft immer noch nicht eindeutig geklärt. Man vermute jedoch mehrere Ursachen, wie Intensivlandwirtschaft, Einstellung des Flächenstilllegungsprogramms seit 2007, Biogasanlagen, Witterungsverhältnisse und vermehrtem Einsatz von Insektiziden/Herbiziden.

Pestizide wirken auf Vögel und Säugetiere entweder direkt durch Vergiftung oder indirekt durch Reduktion der Nahrung und der Deckung. In diesem Bericht behandeln wir vor allem die indirekten Effekte und das dafür erforderliche Risikomanagement. Nach einer jahrzehntelangen Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft in Deutschland befinden sich viele Populationen von Vögeln und Säugetieren der Agrarlandschaft in einem schlechten Erhaltungszustand. Für 27 Vogel- und 22 Säugerarten der Agrarlandschaft stellen wir Daten zu Trend, Habitatwahl (Wahl der Feldfrucht), Bedrohungen und Risiko-Managementmaßnahmen zusammmen. Die indirekte Wirkung von Pestiziden auf Populationsniveau ist für vier europäische Agrarvogelarten und einige Säugerarten außerhalb Europas nachgewiesen.

The extensive use of plant protection products in agriculture is causing increasing harm to farmland birds. This is the conclusion reached in a study done on behalf of the Federal Environment Agency The partridge and skylark in particular are finding less food because, besides killing pests, the chemicals used also kill prey such as butterflies, caterpillars and other insects. In addition, herbicides eliminate wild arable plants on which insects depend on farmland. The result is permanent disruption of the food web. It is possible however to protect biodiversity on fields and grassland. "We need a certain land area where no plant protection agents are spread. Farmland birds, butterflies and bees would then find enough nutrition on such flowering strips and fallow land."