Insecticides

Autism Risk Higher Near Pesticide-Treated Fields

Babies whose moms lived within a mile of crops treated with widely used pesticides were more likely to develop autism, according to new research. The study of 970 children, born in farm-rich areas of Northern California, is part of the largest project to date that is exploring links between autism and environmental exposures. The University of California, Davis research – which used women’s addresses to determine their proximity to insecticide-treated fields – is the third project to link prenatal pesticide exposures to autism and related disorders. “The weight of evidence is beginning to suggest that mothers’ exposures during pregnancy may play a role in the development of autism spectrum disorders,” said Kim Harley, an environmental health researcher at the University of California, Berkeley who was not involved in the new study. One in every 68 U.S. children has been identified with an autism spectrum disorder—a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by difficulties with social interactions, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

A review of the direct and indirect effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on vertebrate wildlife

Concerns over the role of pesticides affecting vertebrate wildlife populations have recently focussed on systemic products which exert broad-spectrum toxicity. Given that the neonicotinoids have become the fastest-growing class of insecticides globally, we review here 150 studies of their direct (toxic) and indirect (e.g. food chain) effects on vertebrate wildlife—mammals, birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles. We focus on two neonicotinoids, imidacloprid and clothianidin, and a third insecticide, fipronil, which also acts in the same systemic manner. Imidacloprid and fipronil were found to be toxic to many birds and most fish, respectively. All three insecticides exert sub-lethal effects, ranging from genotoxic and cytotoxic effects, and impaired immune function, to reduced growth and reproductive success, often at concentrations well below those associated with mortality. Use of imidacloprid and clothianidin as seed treatments on some crops poses risks to small birds, and ingestion of even a few treated seeds could cause mortality or reproductive impairment to sensitive bird species. In contrast, environmental concentrations of imidacloprid and clothianidin appear to be at levels below those which will cause mortality to freshwater vertebrates, although sub-lethal effects may occur. Some recorded environmental concentrations of fipronil, however, may be sufficiently high to harm fish. Indirect effects are rarely considered in risk assessment processes and there is a paucity of data, despite the potential to exert population-level effects. Our research revealed two field case studies of indirect effects. In one, reductions in invertebrate prey from both
imidacloprid and fipronil uses led to impaired growth in a fish species, and in another, reductions in populations in two lizard species were linked to effects of fipronil on termite prey. Evidence presented here suggests that the systemic insecticides, neonicotinoids and fipronil, are capable of exerting direct and indirect effects on terrestrial and aquatic vertebrate wildlife, thus warranting further review of their environmental safety.

The tricolored blackbird species of the Central Valley of California soon will be on the verge of extinction

A recent study by Robert Meese of the University of California states that the tricolored blackbird (Agelaius tricolor) species of the Central Valley of California has witnesses a major decline in its population and soon will be on the verge of extinction, if not checked. A survey conducted by the study along with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, California Department of Fish and Wildlife and Audubon California, was released on Wednesday. It depicted that the tricolored blackbird now numbers about 145,000 in the state, 260,000 birds were counted in 2011. The number has fallen by 64% since 2008. These numbers are a huge blow when we consider that almost a decade ago the population of these birds was around a million. Even worst would be when we consider the fact that way back in 1937, the tricolored blackbirds' population was 3 million. The reasons for this huge decline can be explained by the drying up of the wetlands that were historically used as nests by these birds. These wetlands dried up because of drought and also because of the establishment of large farms that use pesticides. This pesticide use has declined the type of insects that this bird feeds on, be it caterpillars, beetles or grasshoppers. This reduction in food has caused the birds to reproduce just once instead of the usual two times that it earlier did.

De stad Antwerpen voert op 1 januari 2015 een verbod in op het gebruik van pesticiden op openbare plaatsen en rond openbare gebouwen

Zowel de stadsdiensten als externe partners zullen er vanaf dan geen pesticiden meer mogen inzetten. De hoeveelheid gebruikte pesticiden was de voorbije jaren al sterk gedaald uit milieuoverwegingen, maar nu zal de stad er dus volledig mee stoppen. Het verbod is deels een gevolg van het decreet dat de Vlaamse overheid begin vorig jaar opstelde. Antwerpen had de hoeveelheid gebruikte pesticiden op openbaar terrein al verminderd van meer dan 800 kilogram in 2000 naar nog amper 13 kilogram vorig jaar. "We zullen in de toekomst allerlei milieuvriendelijke alternatieven hanteren om het openbaar domein van onkruid en ongedierte te verlossen", zegt schepen voor Leefmilieu Nabilla Ait Daoud (N-VA). "Daarnaast zal het groen in de stad ook intensiever beheerd worden." Op de nieuwe regel blijven voorlopig wel nog twee uitzonderingen mogelijk. Enerzijds voor het bestrijden van een wespenplaag of een bruine rattenplaag en anderzijds voor het terugdringen van agressieve invasieve soorten zoals de Japanse duizendknoop.

De ontoelaatbare vervuiling van het Nederlandse cultuurlandschap met imidacloprid werd 10 jaar lang stilzwijgend gedoogd door Ctgb, RIVM en de regering in Den Haag

Het RIVM heeft onlangs na analyse van 'nieuwere' gegevens geconcludeerd dat de waterkwaliteitsnorm voor lange-termijn blootstelling aan imidacloprid moet worden verlaagd van 67 naar 8,3 nanogram per liter oppervlaktewater. Wordt deze norm gehanteerd zijn er volgens de bestrijdingsmiddelenatlas in 2012 bijna overal in het land normoverschrijdingen met imidacloprid. Deze ontoelaatbare situatie bestaat nu al 10 jaar. Uit onderzoek van de Universiteit Utrecht blijkt dat er een verband is tussen imidacloprid concentraties en de insectenrijkdom in het oppervlaktewater: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062374. De resultaten bevestigen de conclusies van het in 2010 verschenen boek van de toxicoloog Henk Tennekes (The Systemic Insecticides: A Disaster in the Making"): chronische blootstelling van geleedpotigen (arthropoden) aan stoffen die onomkeerbare en zich stapelende beschadigingen in het centrale zenuwstelsel veroorzaken, leiden tot een milieuramp. Pas toen dit niet langer kon worden ontkend, heeft het College voor de toelating van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen en biociden (Ctgb) in januari 2014 besloten tot beperking van de toelating van de imidaclopridhoudende gewasbeschermingsmiddelen Admire, Gaucho Tuinbouw en Kohinor 700 WG.

Organic chemicals jeopardize the health of freshwater ecosystems on the continental scale

Organic chemicals can contribute to local and regional losses of freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, their overall relevance regarding larger spatial scales remains unknown. Here, we present, to our knowledge, the first risk assessment of organic chemicals on the continental scale comprising 4,000 European monitoring sites. Organic chemicals were likely to exert acute lethal and chronic long-term effects on sensitive fish, invertebrate, or algae species in 14% and 42% of the sites, respectively. Of the 223 chemicals monitored, pesticides, tributyltin, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and brominated flame retardants were the major contributors to the chemical risk. Their presence was related to agricultural and urban areas in the upstream catchment. The risk of potential acute lethal and chronic long-term effects increased with the number of ecotoxicologically relevant chemicals analyzed at each site. As most monitoring programs considered in this study only included a subset of these chemicals, our assessment likely underestimates the actual risk. Increasing chemical risk was associated with deterioration in the quality status of fish and invertebrate communities. Our results clearly indicate that chemical pollution is a large-scale environmental problem and requires far-reaching, holistic mitigation measures to preserve and restore ecosystem health.

Europas Gewässer in Gefahr

Flüsse und Seen auf dem Kontinent sind offenbar stärker mit Chemie belastet als weitgehend angenommen. Eine Studie im Fachmagazin "PNAS" macht das Ausmaß klar. Die große Bedrohung für Wasserlebewesen: Pharmazeutika und Pestizide. Viele regen sich über die angebliche Regelwut der Europäischen Union auf. Der Ökotoxikologe Dr. Werner Brack vom Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung in Leipzig sieht aber durchaus Vorteile. Seit dem Jahr 2000 verpflichtet die Europäische Wasserrahmenrichtlinie die Mitgliedsstaaten zur Messung und Dokumentation der Chemikalienkonzentrationen in den Flüssen. "Wir konnten jetzt zum ersten Mal auf diese Datenbanken zugreifen sozusagen und konnten uns wirklich auf einer europäischen Ebene angucken, welchen Einfluss, welches Risiko von Chemikalien auf die Gewässerqualität ausgeht."

Pesticide use threatens rare Hawaiian species

Given its fragile and unusually rich ecology, the Hawaiian island of Kauai seems ill-suited as a site for agricultural experiments that use heavy amounts of toxic chemicals. But four transnational corporations — BASF Plant Science, Dow AgroSciences, DuPont Pioneer, and Syngenta — have been doing just those kinds of experiments here for about two decades, extensively spraying pesticides on their GMO test fields. As a result, the landscape on the southwest corner of the island, around the town of Waimea, has become one of the most toxic chemical environments in all of American agriculture. This poses serious risks for the people of Kauai, as I’ve documented, but even less noticed are the hazards posed to the unique flora and fauna of the island and the coral reefs just off its shores. Each of the seven highly toxic pesticides most commonly used by the GMO giants on Kauai (alachlor, atrazine, chlorpyrifos, methomyl, metolachlor, paraquat, and permethrin) is known to be toxic to wildlife, plants, or both. The isolated geography of Kauai has fostered the evolution of a great diversity of birds, bugs, and plants. Kauai has more unique species — species that live only on the island — than anywhere else in the world, said Carl Berg, an ecologist and long-time advocate for clean water with the Kauai chapter of the Surfrider Foundation. Berg and others fear that these endemic species are being put at great risk of extinction by exposure to the chemicals, though he says he has no idea the extent of the damage. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service added 48 species that live only on Kauai to the endangered species list in 2010, including two different species of the Hawaiian honeycreeper, a small bird, and the large Hawaiian picture-wing fly. Also, several protected marine species rest or breed on the island’s beaches, including the highly endangered Hawaiian monk seal and the threatened green sea turtle. Occasionally, an endangered leatherback and hawksbill sea turtle will wander close in. A total of 17 different kinds of dolphins and whales frolic in the island’s harbors and bays.

Molecular Tools and the Biology of Low-dose Effects

Most environmental protection issues concern the often chronic exposure of large populations to low doses of chemical toxins and ionizing radiation. However, measuring the effects of low doses on populations exposed over long time periods is highly problematic. Politically driven opinions often tend to take the place of science. Part of the problem is that epidemiology is a weak tool when the level of exposure is low. High background levels of exposure, genetic diversity, and exposure uncertainties all contribute to “noise” and make dose-response relationships difficult to define. Uncertainty feeds anxiety, leading to polarized politics. This review looks at the promise of molecular technologies for identifying the effects of low doses of radiation and identifies some of the issues involved in defining risk after low-dose exposures. While the main pollutant discussed in this article is ionizing radiation, the analysis could apply equally well to other toxic exposures or to combined radiation and chemical pollutants.

Pesticiden roeien de kikkers uit

Uit wetenschappelijk onderzoek blijkt dat pesticiden en andere chemicaliën een significante rol spelen in de wereldwijde achteruitgang van amfibieën, zoals kikkers. Duitse en Zwitserse wetenschappers achter de studie zeggen in het Britse dagblad The Guardian dat het zowel “verbazingwekkend” als “alarmerend” is dat veelvoorkomende pesticiden zo giftig kunnen zijn, en dat in dosissen die goedgekeurd zijn door overheden. “Je zou niet denken dat producten, die geregistreerd zijn op de markt, zo’n giftig effect hebben”, zegt Carsten Brühl van de Duitse universiteit Koblenz-Landau. “Het is het simpelste effect dat je je kan inbeelden: je spuit de pesticide op de amfibie en die sterft. Dat moet zich vertalen in een dramatisch effect op gehele populaties.”