Beleid en debat

Eight national non-profit organizations concerned with the environment, food safety, children’s health, bee and bird conservation, and pesticide management, sent two letters calling on the Environmental Protection Agency to halt the approval process for a new insecticide called Sulfoxaflor that would be used on various vegetables, fruits, soybeans, wheat and turfgrass. The letters were sent to EPA on Tuesday, Feb. 12. “The combination of water solubility, persistence, and toxicity (especially to bees and pollinators) is particularly concerning because compounds with these same characteristics have shown adverse effects to non-target species,” said the letter from the Center for Food Safety, the Pesticide Action Network, American Bird Conservancy and Friends of the Earth. The two letters were sent to EPA in response to the agency’s January 14 proposed “conditional registration” of the new insecticide. Sulfoxaflor is characterized by its long environmental persistence (over a year in some conditions) and by its high potential for surface and ground water contamination. The groups cited Sulfoxaflor’s toxicity to honey bees and to saltwater invertebrates, as well as concerns with respect to birds and other organisms.

Wild bees, butterflies, flies, beetles and other wild insects play a key role in pollination and hence in food production, a new study of 41 crops in 600 fields across the world shows. Till now, the general perception was that honey-bees - that is, domesticated bees - are the only crucial pollinator that is suffering a decline. But this study published in the scientific journal Science upturns current wisdom. The study found that wild pollinators were twice as effective as honeybees in pollinating crops like oilseed rape, coffee, onions, almonds, tomatoes and strawberries. "We found that in landscapes with lower diversity and lower abundance of wild insects, the crops set less seeds and less fruit," said Lucas Garibaldi of the National University in Rio Negro, Argentina, who led the 46-member scientific team. "We know wild insects are declining so we need to start focusing on them. Without such changes, the ongoing loss is destined to compromise agricultural yields worldwide."

Imker haben heute zusammen mit Aktivistinnen und Vertretern von Greenpeace Schweiz vor dem Bundeshaus Bienenkästen deponiert. Darin befanden sich ein Brief an Bundesrat Johann Schneider-Ammann, Vorsteher des Bundesamtes für Landwirtschaft, sowie die seit Februar 2012 gesammelten 80'103 Unterschriften besorgter Bürgerinnen und Bürger für sofortige Massnahmen gegen bienenschädliche Pestizide. Es herrscht dringender Handlungsbedarf: Vor allem Imker aus Europa und Nordamerika vermelden seit den späten 1990er-Jahren ungewöhnliche hohe Verluste von Bienenvölkern. Stark davon betroffen sind mittel- und südeuropäische Länder – auch die Schweiz mit einem 50-prozentigen Völkerverlust im letzten Winter. «Das Verschwinden der Bienen ist ein Symptom einer fehlgeleiteten Landwirtschaft, die intensiv Chemikalien einsetzt und die Artenvielfalt reduziert», sagte Marianne Künzle, Landwirtschaftsexpertin bei Greenpeace Schweiz. «Davon profitieren in erster Linie mächtige Konzerne wie Syngenta oder Bayer. Die einzige zukunftstaugliche Lösung ist ein Paradigmenwechsel hin zu einer ökologischen Landwirtschaft.»

New Jersey’s two venomous snakes, the timber rattlesnake and northern copperhead, have been persecuted by four centuries of human habitation. Now a spreading fungal infection poses a new threat. Chrysosporium, a common fungus, was initially reported some 15 years ago in reptiles in Canada. It has now reached New Jersey. This fungus was initially thought to target only rattlesnakes, but it was confirmed during the winter of 2010-11 in our state’s rare northern copperhead. Since 2011, a state biologist and volunteers have observed multiple timber rattlesnakes, black rat snakes, black racers and eastern garter snakes with symptoms representative of the Chrysosporium fungal dermatitis. Preliminary tests on a black rat snake and a black racer showed the same fungus. Symptoms include deformed, misshapen or damaged facial pit organs in rattlesnakes and copperheads, and necrotic facial tissue, facial lesions, and deformed or damaged eyes, nostrils and mouths in all snake species. The infection eventually leads to emaciation and death. The fungal spores are transferable within snake populations when snakes interact during mating, fighting, or when they congregate to sun or den. In addition, it’s present in the air and soil. People can transmit the fungal spores on their boots, pants and day packs.

Het Compendium voor de Leefomgeving heeft haar standpunt gewijzigd ten aanzien van de gegevens over de verhoogde bijensterfte in Nederland vanaf 2006 nadat de EFSA (Europese voedselautoriteit) rapporten over de risico's van neonicotinoiden voor bijen in januari 2013 zijn verschenen. Vòòr het verschijnen van de EFSA rapporten wordt ontkend dat een rol van de neonicotinoiden bij de verhoogde bijensterfte is aangetoond en wordt nadruk vooral gelegd op de Varroa mijt als oorzaak van de verhoogde bijensterfte, terwijl na het verschijnen van de EFSA rapporten het gebruik van de neonicotinoiden als een plausibele verklaring wordt omschreven voor de verhoogde bijensterfte, en de Varroa mijt enkel wordt gezien als één van de factoren die tot de verhoogde bijensterfte mede bijdraagt.

Imkers in Europa lijken met niet minder dan een verbod op neonicotinoïden genoegen te nemen. Tijdens de conferentie ‘Bee Health in Europe’ lieten ze hun ongenoegen blijken over de analyse van de bijenproblematiek door het Italiaanse onderzoeksinstituut OPERA. “Opnieuw wordt ons verteld dat er met neonicotinoïden niets aan de hand is, maar zonder deze insecticiden zouden onze bijen beter bestand zijn tegen andere belagers.” Nadat enkele weken geleden zowel de EFSA als de EEA wezen op de gevaren van pesticiden op basis van neonicotinoiden, zwakte het ‘Opera’-rapport dat weer af. Dat de pesticidensector zelf heeft meegeschreven aan het ‘Opera’-rapport zat daar zeker voor iets tussen. Dat verschillende Europese Parlementsleden het rapport ontvingen in een enveloppe met daarop het logo van een pesticidenproducent zorgde voor nog meer negatieve perceptie. Het publiek van parlementsleden, afgevaardigden van de Europese commissie, ngo’s, de pesticiden-sector, adviseurs en imkers was bijzonder kritisch over de manier waarop in het ‘Opera’-rapport de link tussen het gebruik van neonicotinoiden en bijensterfte werd geminimaliseerd. Ook omdat de aangehaalde argumenten niet altijd steek hielden. Het klassieke argument dat in Zuid-Amerika dezelfde pesticiden gebruikt worden zonder dat er massale bijensterfte mee gepaard gaat, werd ter plaatse tegengesproken door een Chileense imker.

Farmers often use hives full of honeybees to help pollinate crops. A new study published in Science has found that encouraging wild pollinators could be more effective. The decline of wild bees and other pollinators may be an even more alarming threat to crop yields than the loss of honeybees, the study suggests, revealing the irreplaceable contribution of wild insects to global food production. Scientists studied the pollination of more than 40 crops in 600 fields across every populated continent and found wild pollinators were twice as effective as honeybees in producing seeds and fruit on crops including oilseed rape, coffee, onions, almonds, tomatoes and strawberries. Furthermore, trucking in managed honeybee hives did not replace wild pollination when that was lost, but only added to the pollination that took place. "It was astonishing; the result was so consistent and clear," said Lucas Garibaldi, at the National University in Río Negro, Argentina, who led the 46-strong scientific team. "We know wild insects are declining so we need to start focusing on them. Without such changes, the ongoing loss is destined to compromise agricultural yields worldwide."

Two years ago, Danish farmer Ib Borup Pedersen thought an epidemic had broken out among his 450 pigs. Suddenly, his animals were suffering from chronic diarrhoea, eating less or developing stomach ulcers, while some of his piglets were born with disabilities and his boars displayed fertility problems. Something always seemed to be the matter. Not just with the pigs, but with the profits of his farming company as well. Due to the increasing number of unhealthy animals, his sales plummeted, while the expenses for vets and drugs kept rising. Until he asked himself the crucial question: what if it was the feed? Pedersen followed his farmer’s intuition and exchanged the new feed for his old recipe. And what do you know – the health problems disappeared within two days. What was the difference? The feed that sickened the animals consisted of imported genetically modified (GMO) soy, whereas the old recipe consisted of soy without GMOs and fishmeal. Other farmers have since confirmed the findings, published by Pedersen on 13 April last year, in the Danish farming magazine Effektivt Landbrug.