Beleid en debat

Alarming new claims suggest that the GM diet is affecting animal health - prompting fears over human safety

At first glance the frozen bundles could be mistaken for conventional joints of meat. But as Ib Pedersen, a Danish pig farmer, lifts them carefully out of the freezer it becomes apparent they are in fact whole piglets - some horribly deformed, with growths or other abnormalities, others stunted. This is the result, Pedersen claims, of feeding the animals a diet containing genetically modified (GM) ingredients. Or more specifically, he believes, feed made from GM soya and sprayed with the controversial herbicide glyphosate. Pedersen, who produces 13,000 pigs a year and supplies Europe's largest pork company Danish Crown, says he became so alarmed at the apparent levels of deformity, sickness, deaths, and poor productivity he was witnessing in his animals that he decided to experiment by changing their diet from GM to non-GM feed. The results, he says, were remarkable: "When using GM feed I saw symptoms of bloat, stomach ulcers, high rates of diarrhoea, pigs born with the deformities ... but when I switched [to non GM feed] these problems went away, some within a matter of days." The farmer says that not only has the switch in diet improved the visible health of the pigs, it has made the farm more profitable, with less medicine use and higher productivity. "Less abortions, more piglets born in each litter, and breeding animals living longer." He also maintains that man hours have been reduced, with less cleaning needed and fewer complications with the animals.

Pesticide-laden dust emission and drift from treated seeds during seed drilling: a review

Dressing seeds with pesticides to control pests is a widespread practice. Recent incidents of bee losses have directed attention to the emission of abraded pesticide-coated seed particles to the environment during sowing. This phenomenon of drift of pesticide dust can lead to pesticide contamination of air, water and other natural resources in crop-growing areas. This review article presents the state of the art of the phenomenon of dust emission and drift from pesticide seed dressing during sowing and its consequences. Firstly, pesticide seed treatment is defined and its pros and cons are set out, with the focus on dust, dust emission and dust drift from pesticide-coated seed. The factors affecting emission of pesticide dust (e.g. seed treatment quality, seed drilling technology and environmental conditions) are considered, along with its possible effects. The measuring techniques and protocols and models currently in use for calculating the behaviour of dust are reviewed, together with their features and limitations. Finally, possible mitigation measures are discussed, such as improving the seed quality and the use of modified seed drilling technology, and an overview of regulations and stewardship activities is given.

Tientallen procenten van de gebruikte dosering van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen kunnen vanaf de toepassingsplaatsen via de lucht naar het milieu worden uitgestoten

De laatste jaren wordt steeds duidelijker dat gewasbeschermingsmiddelen door verspreiding via de lucht ook terecht komen in gebieden op grotere afstand van de toepassingsplaatsen. Bij een tussentijdse evaluatie van het Meerjarenplan Gewasbescherming is gebleken dat de atmosferische route een allesoverheersende rol speelt: meer dan 90% van de uitstoot van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen vanaf de toepassingsplaatsen naar het milieu (emissie) geschiedt via de lucht. Het kan daarbij gaan om tientallen procenten van de gebruikte dosering. Het omvangrijke gebruik van chemische gewasbeschermingsmiddelen resulteert in de alomtegenwoordigheid van deze stoffen in lucht en regenwater en in hun verspreiding via de atmosfeer over grote gebieden. De atmosferische belasting die hiervan het gevolg is, treft ook gebieden buiten de onmiddellijke omgeving van de toepassingsplaatsen.

Increased cancer burden among pesticide applicators and others due to pesticide exposure

A growing number of well-designed epidemiological and molecular studies provide substantial evidence that the pesticides used in agricultural, commercial, and home and garden applications are associated with excess cancer risk. This risk is associated both with those applying the pesticide and, under some conditions, those who are simply bystanders to the application. In this article, the epidemiological, molecular biology, and toxicological evidence emerging from recent literature assessing the link between specific pesticides and several cancers including prostate cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and breast cancer are integrated. Although the review is not exhaustive in its scope or depth, the literature does strongly suggest that the public health problem is real. If we are to avoid the introduction of harmful chemicals into the environment in the future, the integrated efforts of molecular biology, pesticide toxicology, and epidemiology are needed to help identify the human carcinogens and thereby improve our understanding of human carcinogenicity and reduce cancer risk.

Henk Tennekes urges Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency to conduct a comprehensive review of the environmental impact of neonicotinoid insecticides

I understand that Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency recently announced that it “has determined that current agricultural practices related to the use of neonicotinoid-treated corn and soybean seed are affecting the environment due to impacts on bees and other pollinators” (based on findings in Ontario and Quebec). They are applied as seed dressings on wheat and canola on the prairies, and that PMRA is providing an opportunity for public comment. I would like to urge PMRA to conduct a serious, more comprehensive review of the environmental impact of neonicotinoid insecticides. My reasoning is as follows. Insects are quietly but rapidly disappearing. The great American biologist, E O Wilson, said insects were world-rulers, because they play a central role in maintaining ecosystems and the whole web of life. The recent alarms in Europe and America about the fate of the honey bee – colonies have been crashing in increasing numbers – have started to open people's eyes to insects' importance in a more general way. But it is only the beginning of an understanding, and much more is needed if we are to take the action necessary to preserve our populations of insects and other invertebrates, the creatures without backbones which make up the majority of animal life, including snails, worms and spiders (spiders being arachnids, not insects).

De toxicologie van isocyanaten - de giframp van Bhopal (3 december 1984)

De bestrijdingsmiddelenfabriek van het Amerikaanse bedrijf Union Carbide was in 1969 in de stad Bhopal gebouwd en was zo'n tien jaar later uitgebreid voor de productie van het insecticide carbaryl. Methyl-isocyanaat (MIC) is een halffabricaat voor de productie van carbaryl. In de nacht van 3 december kwam door onbekende omstandigheden water in de opslagtanks met MIC terecht. Hierdoor ontstond een chemische reactie waarbij de druk enorm opliep. De veiligheidskleppen van de opslagtanks gingen normaal open, waardoor een grote hoeveelheid zeer giftig gas vrijkwam. Normaliter zou dat zijn opgevangen door zogenaamde gaswassers, een filter waarbij door middel van een vloeistof giftige stoffen uit (industriële) lucht- of afgasstroom wordt geneutraliseerd, maar vanwege reparaties waren deze niet in werking. Het bleek slechts één van de veiligheidsprocedures die niet waren gevolgd. Zo ontbraken afsluitplaten, waardoor er water in de opslagtanks terechtkwam, werkte de koelinstallatie niet en ontbrak eveneens de fakkelinstallatie waarmee het vrijkomende gas verbrand had kunnen worden. Kort na middernacht constateerde een medewerker een plotselinge stijging van de temperatuur en druk in één van de opslagtanks. De man dacht echter dat de wrakke apparatuur weer eens nukken had en ging eerst een kopje thee drinken. Zo'n twee uur later gingen de interne alarmen af.

Argentijns stadje verzet zich fors tegen komst van Monsanto

Monsanto, een van de belangrijkste producenten van genetisch gemodificeerde zaden (ggo-zaden) ter wereld, bouwt een fabriek in Malvinas Argentinas, een stadje van 15.000 inwoners in de provincie Córdoba. Het moet een van de grootste Monsanto-fabrieken voor maïszaaigoed worden. De fabriek zou in maart volgend jaar operationeel moeten worden maar de werken werden in oktober stilgelegd. De inwoners van het stadje protesteren fel tegen de komst van Monsanto, sinds 18 september houden ze de bouwplaats bezet door middel van vijf kampen. Bij het gerecht dienden ze verschillende klachten in. Vorige donderdag probeerde de constructeur de blokkade te breken en meerdere vrachtwagens naar binnen te loodsen. Daarbij vielen meer dan twintig gewonden. Zaterdag kwamen er militairen aan te pas om de vrachtwagens opnieuw naar buiten te krijgen.

Preliminary aquatic risk assessment of imidacloprid after application in an experimental rice plot

Imidacloprid was applied as Confidor® 200 SC at the recommended field dose of 100 g a.i./ha to a Portuguese rice plot. Subsequently, fate of the test compound in water and potential effects of water samples on a battery of test species were determined. As compared to the first-tier predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) calculated using MED-Rice (around 30 µg/L depending on the scenario used) and US-EPA (78 µg/L) simulations, the actual peak concentration measured in the paddy water (52 µg/L) was higher and lower, respectively. As was anticipated based on 50% effect concentrations (EC50 values) for Daphnia magna published in the open literature and that calculated in the present study (48 h-EC50 immobility=84 mg/L), no effects were observed of field water samples on daphnids. The sediment-dwelling ostracod Heterocypris incongruens, however, appeared relatively sensitive towards imidacloprid (6 d-EC50 growth inhibition=0.01–0.015 mg/L) and a slight effect was indeed noted in field samples taken the first week after application. Species sensitivity distributions based on published EC50 and NOEC values also revealed that other species are likely to be affected at the peak and time-weighted average imidacloprid concentrations, respectively. By applying the relative tolerance approach (i.e. by dividing the EC50 value of a certain species with that of Daphnia magna), ostracods appear to contain the most sensitive taxa to imidacloprid, followed by EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) taxa.

EU restrictions on the use of neonicotinoid pesticides represent a unique opportunity to introduce safer agro-ecological approaches to pest management

Many of the arguments deployed in opposition to these restrictions were misleading, and based upon flawed research, much of it funded by neonicotinoid manufacturers themselves. The two principal arguments against restricting neonicotinoids were that yields would suffer, and that farmers would resort to older, even more harmful chemicals. However, evidence from Italy, where neonicotinoids have been banned from use on maize since 2008, suggests the opposite. Moreover, the EU precautionary approach on neonicotinoids represents a potential turning point for acting more widely to replace highly hazardous chemical pesticides with effective and sustainable alternatives. To achieve this, collaborative effort is needed on the part of governments, industry, civil society organisations, retailers and others. The PAN UK welcomes the EU temporary suspension of three neonicotinoid pesticides as a step in the right direction in protecting bees. We believe that this presents a unique opportunity to introduce safer, ecologically informed methods of pest management. The experience in Italy has shown that is not an unrealistic aspiration. Moreover, the EU restrictions also present the possibility of a turning point more generally on the use of highly hazardous toxic pesticides, in favour of non-chemical and IPM pest control methods. What is needed now is the political will of governments around the world to take action to promote these alternatives.

We zouden moeten uitgroeien tot een wereldleider in duurzame alternatieven voor schadelijke pesticiden

De Europese Unie is op 1 december 2013 moedig begonnen met een verbod van twee jaar op bepaalde toepassingen van drie neonicotinoide pesticiden die schadelijk voor honingbijen en andere bestuivers zijn. Het Europese verbod gaat over neuroactieve insecticiden die in hun werking vergelijkbaar zijn met nicotine. De bekende gevolgen voor bijen variëren van negatieve beinvloeding van foerageergedrag en navigatie (die hun vermogen om gewassen te bestuiven vermindert) tot de dood. Bestuivers zijn essentieel voor onze voedselvoorziening en landbouweconomie. Ze zorgen voor meer dan een derde van het voedsel dat we eten, verbeteren de productie van 75 procent van alle soorten gewassen, en zijn essentieel voor talrijke gewassen, zoals amandelen, avocado's, appels en kersen. Maar we moeten veel meer doen, en uitgroeien tot een wereldleider in duurzame alternatieven voor schadelijke pesticiden.